Ukuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo se-polycrystalline yedayimani

Isixhobo se-PCD senziwe nge-polycrystalline ye-theamond ye-nume kunye ne-carbide matrix ngeqondo lobushushu ephezulu kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu. Ayinakuphela kuphela ukudlala ngokupheleleyo kwiinzuzo zobunzima obuphakathi, ukwenziwa okuphakathi kwe-rarmal ephezulu, i-coustic ephantsi, i-randestic ephantsi, i-ofisi ye-elastic ephantsi, i-istastic enesinyithi, i-isotropic, kodwa ithathela ingqalelo amandla aphezulu asabelo.
Uzinzo lwe-therm, ubunzima bempembelelo kunye nokunxiba ziyimpawu eziphambili zomsebenzi we-PCD. Kuba isetyenziswa kakhulu kubushushu obuphezulu kunye nendawo ephezulu yoxinzelelo, uzinzo lobushushu yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu. Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba uzinzo lwe-shird inefuthe elikhulu ekuchaseni nasekuqinisekeni kwempembelelo. Idatha ibonisa ukuba xa iqondo lobushushu liphezulu kune-750 ℃, ukunyangwa kokunxiba kunye nobunzima bempembelelo ngokubanzi benciphisa i-5% -10%.
Imeko yekristali ye-PCD ichaza iipropathi zayo. Kwimiselo encinci, ii-atom zekharbon fomu yenziwa zii-atom ezinamacala amane, fumana isakhiwo se-Tetradic, emva koko senze ikristali yeatomic, enamandla okubopha, kunye nobunzima obukhulu. Isalathiso esiphambili sePCD ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Ukuqhubela phambili kwe-Dermal yi-700W / mk, i-MK, i-1.5-9 amaxesha, nangaphezulu kunePCBN kunye nobhedu; ③ I-Coulting Counts isebenze ngokubanzi yi-0.1-0.3, ingaphantsi kwe-0.4-1 engaphantsi kwe-0.4-1 engaphantsi kwe-0.4-1 engaphantsi kwe-8,4-1 ye-carbide, inciphisa kakhulu amandla okusika; ④ Ukwanda kwe-thermal ukusebenza nge-0.9x10-6-1.18x10-6,1 / 5 ye-carbide, enokunciphisa ukuchaneka kwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwemveliso; Izinto ezingezizo ezingezizo zibubumbano ukuba zenze i-nodues.
I-Boran Boron sitride inomchasi oqinileyo kwaye inokuqhutywa kwezinto ezinazo zentsimbi, kodwa ubunzima bungaphantsi kwedayimani enye ye-crystal, isantya sokulungisa siyacotha kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kuphantsi. Idayimane enye yekhephu le-crystal inobuqili obukhulu, kodwa ubunzima alwanelanga. I-Anisotropy yenza kube lula ukuwahlula-hlula (111) umphezulu phantsi kwefuthe lamandla angaphandle, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokulungisa umda. I-PCD ngumthengisi odityaniswe ngamasuntswana e-Micron-stayitha yedayimane ngeendlela ezithile. Uhlobo lwento yokuqokelela kwamasuntswana akhokelela kwindalo yayo ye-macroscopic isotropic i-isotropic yendalo, kwaye akukho sikhokelo kunye nomgangatho wokucoca amandla amanye. Xa kuthelekiswa nedayimani ye-crystal enye, umda wengqolowa we-PCD unciphisa i-ANISTROPOPOPOPOPOPOPOPOPOPOP kwaye uqinisekise iipropathi zoomatshini.
I-1. Imigaqo yoyilo lwezixhobo zokusika i-PCD
(1) Ukukhetha okufanelekileyo kobungakanani be-pcd ye-pcd
Ithiyori, i-PCD kufuneka izame ukuphucula ii-grains, kwaye ukusasazwa kwee-onsortives phakathi kwemveliso kufuneka ibe yiyunifomu kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba woyise i-anisotropy. Ukukhetha ubungakanani be-prd ye-pcd ikwanxulumene neemeko zokuphendula. Ngokubanzi, i-PCD enamandla aphezulu, ukuqina okuhle, ukumelana nefuthe elilungileyo kunye nengqolowa entle kunokusetyenziselwa ukugqiba okanye ukugqiba i-purd yengqolowa kunokusetyenziselwa ukwenziwe ngoomatshini ngokubanzi. Ubungakanani be-pcd ye-pcd bunokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwesixhobo. Uncwadi olufanelekileyo luchaza ukuba xa iinkozo ezibukhali zinkulu, ukuxhathisa ngokuthe ngcembe ngenxa yokwehla kwexabiso lengqolowa, kodwa xa ubungakanani beenkozo butsha, lo mthetho awusebenzi.
Iimvavanyo ezinxulumene noko zikhethwe imigudi yedayimani emine ye-radigacle ye-5um, i-5m, 2um, i-1m, yagqitywa ngokuhla kwe-paricle yezinto ezingafunekiyo, i-CORASMISMISIMOHLUKILEYO; Ngokwehla kwe-②, ukuxhathisa i-PRD kunye nokuchasana nobushushu be-PCD ngokuthe ngcembe.
(2) Ukhetho olululo lomlomo we-blade kunye nobunzima brade
Uhlobo lomlomo oluhlaza ikakhulu lubandakanya izakhiwo ezine: umphetho we-inverpt, isangqa se-Blunt, i-Insunt Card Blied Blackete Chressite kunye ne-angle ebukhali. Isakhiwo esibukhali senza ukuba sibe bukhali, isantya esisikiweyo siyakhawuleza, sinokunciphisa kakhulu amandla okusika kunye ne-Burr, ukuphucula umgangatho wemveliso ye-silicon Alumn Alumn Alumn Alumn Alumn Alumn Alumn Alumn Aluminum kunye nezinye iingxaki zentsimbi ezingenaxhala. Ubume bomjikelo ojikelezileyo bungawudlulisela umlomo we blade, ukwenzela i-R ye-r, ukuthintela ukuqhekeza kwebala, kufanelekile ukuqhubekeka kwe-Aluminium / ye-Silicon ye-Aluminum. Kumanye amatyala akhethekileyo, anjengobunzulu obungaphantsi komhlaba kunye neesini ezincinci zedumo, isakhiwo se-Blunt sithandwa. Ulwakhiwo lwe-invert olungena ngaphakathi lunokwandisa imiphetho kunye neekona, uzinzisa ibala, kodwa kwangaxeshanye luya kwandisa uxinzelelo kunye nokungaxhathisi okusikekayo, kufanelekile ukusikwa komthwalo omkhulu we-silicon alloy.
Ukwenzela ukulungiselela i-EDM, ihlala ikhetha umaleko wephepha le-PDC Ungqimba lwe-carbide akufuneki ukuba lukhulu kakhulu ukuthintela ukungcungcutheka kubangelwa lumehluko woxinzelelo phakathi kwendawo yokubila
I-2, Inkqubo yeFomu yePCD
Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-PCD isixhobo simisela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kunye nobomi benkonzo yesixhobo, esiphambili kwisicelo kunye nophuhliso. Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwesixhobo se-PCD iboniswe kumzobo 5.
(1) Ukwenziwa kweetafile zePCD zePCD (PDC)
Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-PDC
I-PDC iqokelelwe i-Poider yeNdalo okanye yeDayimane yeDayimane kunye ne-Arhente yokubopha kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu (i-1000-2000 ℃) kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu (kwi-5 ukuya kwele-5 ukuya kwele-5 ukuya kwele-5. Iarhente yokubopha ibhunga elibophelelayo nge-TIT, i-SIC, Fe, CO, NO, njl njl. I-PDC yenziwa ngokubanzi kwiidiski ezinendawo ezimiselweyo kunye nobunzima, kunye nokugaya kunye nokungaphantsi komhlaba ohambelana nonyango olungqinayo kunye nonyango. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ye-PDC kufuneka igcine iimpawu ezibalaseleyo zomzimba zedayimani yekristale enkulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngoko, iikongeko zomzimba wokutya kufuneka zibe nako, kwangaxeshanye,
Ukwahlulahlulwa kunye nokukhethwa kweebhasi
I-Binder yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu echaphazela uzinzo lwe-shirl isixhobo, esichaphazela ngqo ubunzima bayo, sinxibe ukunganyangeki kunye nokuzinza komzimba. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zePCD zePCD zezi: i-iron, i-cobabalt, i-nickel kunye nezinye izinyithi zotshintsho. I-CO kunye ne-Wit Pleber yayisetyenziswa njenge-arhente yokusebenza, kwaye intsebenzo ebanzi ye-PCD ye-SINTTO, i-GPA ye-Synthe, yayili-14,5 ℃ kunye nokufakwa kwe-4min. I-SIC, TIC, WC, Tib2, kunye nezinye izinto ze-ceramic. I-SIC yozinzo lwe-surmal ye-SIC lungcono kunelo ye-CO, kodwa ubunzima kunye nobunzima obuqhelekileyo busezantsi. Ukuncitshiswa okufanelekileyo kobungakanani bezinto ezingafunekiyo zinokuphucula ubunzima kunye nobunzima be-PCD. AKUKHO BUNGOZI, Ngegrafu okanye eminye imithombo yecarbon kwiqondo lokushisa i-Ultra kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lutshisiwe kwi-Nanoscale Polymer Dayimond (NPD). Sebenzisa igrafu njenge-plariormer ukulungiselela i-NPD yeyona meko ifunwayo, kodwa i-NPD ye-NPD inobuqili obuphezulu kunye nezona ndawo zibalaseleyo zoomatshini.
Ukukhetha kunye nokulawulwa kwe-③
Umgubo we-DEAL SEIBRAH Umgubo yinto ephambili echaphazela intsebenzo ye-PCD. Ukuguqula i-reepowder yedayimani yedayimani, ukongeza isixa esincinci sezinto ezithintela i-Abnond Acals Agemes Atyles kunye nokukhethwa okufanelekileyo kweesongezo zokongezwa kwedayimane.
I-NPD ephezulu ecocekileyo enesakhiwo esilinganayo inokuphelisa ngokufanelekileyo i-ANISTOTROPOPOPOP kwaye iphucule ipropathi yoomatshini. I-Nanographia Precursor Powder elungiselelwe yindlela yokuGcina i-Gight-Grind Grind Grind Grind isetyenziselwa ukulawula i-oxpa yeqondo elingaphambi kokuba litshintshe i-granci lingaphantsi kwe-18 GPA kunye ne-GAELL, kwaye ubunzima buye banda ngokutsha.
④ Unyango lwekhemikhali
Kwiqondo lobushushu efanayo (i-200 ° ℃) kunye nexesha (20H), isiphumo sokususa i-cobalt ye-lewis-Fecl3 yayingcono kakhulu kunama-10-15g / 100ml. Ukuzinza kwe-shirmal ye-PCD kuphucuka njengokunyuka kobunzulu be-cobalt ukunyuka. I-PCD ye-coarde edityanisiweyo, unyango olunamandla onyango lunokushenxisa ngokupheleleyo i-CO, kodwa inefuthe elikhulu kwi-polymer ukusebenza; Ukongeza iTic kunye ne-WC ukutshintsha isakhiwo sePolycrystal kwaye sidibanise nonyango oluqinileyo lokuphucula uzinzo lwe-PCD. Okwangoku, inkqubo yokulungiselela yezixhobo ze-PCD iyaphucuka, ubunzima bemveliso bulungile, i-angisotropy iphuculwe kakhulu, iye yaqonda ukuba ivelise intengiso, amashishini ahambelanayo ayakhula ngokukhawuleza.
(2) Ukulungiswa kweBlade yePCD
Inkqubo yokusika
I-PCD inobuqili obukhulu, ukuxhaphaza okuhle kunye nenkqubo ephezulu yokusika.
INKQUBO YOKUGQIBELA
I-PDC kunye nomzimba womzimba nge-clomp yoomatshini, ukubopha kunye nokubhabha. Ibrawuza kukucinezela i-PDC kwiMatrix ye-carbide, kubandakanya i-vacuum brazing, i-vacuum yokufumana i-welding, i-serm yokufudumeza, i-Il. Umgangatho we-welding uhambelana ne-flux, i-welding kunye nobushushu be-welding. Iqondo lokushisa le-welding (ngokubanzi lingaphantsi kwe-700 ° ℃) inefuthe eliphezulu, iqondo lobushushu liphezulu kakhulu, kulula ukusibangela isiphumo se-PCD, okanye iqondo elingaphezulu liya kukhokelela kumandla omzimba awoneleyo. Ubushushu be-welding bunokulawulwa lixesha lokufakelwa kunye nobunzulu bomvuzo wePCD.
Inkqubo yokuGcina i-Blade
Isixhobo sePCD senkqubo yokuGcina i-PCD yeyona nto iphambili kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwemveliso. Ngokubanzi, ixabiso eliphakamileyo le-blade kwaye ibala liphakathi kwe-5m, kwaye irediyo ye-arc iphakathi kwe-4m; Umphezulu wangaphambili nangasemva ukuqinisekisa ukugqiba umphezulu, kwaye unciphise umphezulu wokusika umphezulu kwi-0.01 μ ukuya kufezekisa iimfuno zomqobo, zenze ukuba i-chips ihambe ecaleni komthendeleko we-suble wangaphambili.
Inkqubo yokugaya i-blade ibandakanya i-gesing yesondo ye-rading flode, i-spark yombane ye-spade, i-binder ye-binder, i-binder ye-Blassive Graing I-Willing Blade (EID), i-ELID), i-ELID), i-ELID. Phakathi kwazo, ukugaya i-divising yesondo ye-Blade ye-Blade ye-Blade yeyona nto ikhulileyo, esetyenziswa kakhulu.
Uvavanyo olunxulumene noko: Ubungakanani be-suricle yevili lokugaya luhambelana ngokusondeleyo nomgangatho we-blade ye-particle okanye i-iltrafic ye-iltrafine ye-pcd, kodwa inefuthe elincinci kwizixhobo zePCD ze-PCD.
Uphando olunxulumene nekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ikakhulu lugxile kwindlela kunye nenkqubo ye-blade yokugaya. Kwindlela yokuGcina yokuGcina iBlade, ukususwa kwe-thermochemical kunye nokususwa koomatshini yeyona nto iphambili, kwaye ukususwa kweBrittle kunye nokususwa kokukhathazeka kunye nokususwa kwabantu. Xa ugaya, ngokokuthi mandla kunye nokuxhathisa ubushushu be-gement yearhente yedayimani, phucula isantya sevili lokugaya kunye nokususwa kwe-Briglet, kunye nokuphucula ubunzima be-thermochemical, kwaye bunciphise ubunzima. Ubungqingqwa bomhlaba owomileyo buphantsi, kodwa ngokulula ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu bokwenza izinto, umphezulu otshisayo,
Inkqubo yokugaya i-blade kufuneka inikele ingqalelo: Nangona kunjalo, kwakhona ukuba uqwalasele amandla aphezulu okugaya, ilahleko enkulu, ukusebenza okuphantsi kokugeza, indleko eziphezulu; ② Khetha umgangatho wevili ofanelekileyo lokugaya, kubandakanya uhlobo lwe-binder, ubungakanani be-surical, ukunxiba ngamavili obucekeceke, kungaza kuthi ga kwixabiso le-birm, elinamanzi, kunokuphucula umgangatho wesixhobo.
Isondo elahlukileyo lokubopha idayimani linempawu ezahlukeneyo, kunye nendlela eyahlukeneyo yokugaya kunye nesiphumo. Ivili le-winder binder ye-winder yedada ithambile, ukugaya amasuntswana ekulula ukuwa ngaphambi kwexesha, anganyangeki ngobushushu, umphezulu wobuqhetseba uxinekile ukuba unxibe amanqaku, uburhalarhume obukhulu; Isondo le-binder ye-binder yedayisi ligcinwa libukhali ngokugaya, ukwenziwa kwe-profackes elungileyo, i-roughting ephantsi, kwaye ukubopha okuphezulu kulula ukushiya igalelo lempembelelo, kubangela umonakalo omkhulu; Ivili le-ceramic binder divile ivili le-divile inamandla aphakathi, i-pores elungileyo, i-fares yangaphakathi yokukhupha i-farling, ivili le-favorting, ivili le-Driiding, i-Gound Act i-Driiding kwaye i-Binder ikhokelela ekumiselweni kwemingxunya yesixhobo. Sebenzisa ngokwezixhobo zokuqhubekisa, ukugqobhoza okubanzi kwe-graight, umgangatho wokuqhekeza kunye nomgangatho womsebenzi.
Uphando malunga nokusebenza kwempumelelo ikakhulu lujolise ekuphuculeni imveliso kunye neendleko zolawulo. Ngokubanzi, ireyithi yokuGcina i-q (i-PCD isuswa kwicandelo ngalinye leyunithi) kwaye inxibe umlinganiso we-G (umyinge we-PCD yokukhupha ilahleko yevili) isetyenziswa njengemiqobo yovavanyo.
I-German Kenter Kenter ye-Criing Criving I-PCD SIPROSE, Uvavanyo: ② Ukunyusa ubungakanani be-Grinding Paunticle, yonyusa uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo, lukhulisa uxinzelelo lwedayimane kwivili lokugaya, ireyithi yokugaya kunye nokuhambisa umlinganiso; Uhlobo lwe-Binder lwahlukile, inqanaba lokugaya kunye nokunxiba umyinge wahlukile. I-Kenter I-Blade I-Blade Stoing Stousing Isixhobo sePCD isixhobo sifundiwe ngokucwangcisiweyo, kodwa impembelelo yenkqubo yokugaya i-blade ayihlalutywa ngokucwangcisiweyo.

3. Sebenzisa kunye nokusilela kwezixhobo zokusika i-PCD
(1) Ukukhetha izixhobo zokusika iiparameter
Ngexesha lokuqala lesixhobo sePCD, umlomo obukhali ngokuthe ngcembe wadlula ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye umgangatho woomatshini waba ngcono. Ukudluliselwa kwedlule kususa ngokufanelekileyo i-gap encinci kunye nokugquma okuncinci kweziswe ngumgangatho wokugaya, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, kulungelelanise umphezulu werediyo ukutyhila kwaye kulungiswe umgangatho womhlaba womsebenzi.
Isixhobo se-PCD STAMIL ALUMONUM ALWAZI, Isantya sokusika sikwi-4000m / imiz, i-Hins, i-Hins, i-Tect Speestic-i-Fet-Feestic-Fiestic-bicker-bicker kufuneka ithathe isantya esiphezulu (300-1000m / min). Ivolumu yokutya icetyiswa ngokubanzi phakathi kwe-0.08-0.15mm / r. Ivolumu enkulu kakhulu yokutya, amandla okusika amanzi okusika, ukwanda kwendawo yejometri yejomeri yomgangatho wokusebenza; ivolumu yokutya omncinci kakhulu, ukwanda kobushushu, kunye nokunxiba okwandayo. Ukunyuka kobunzulu bokunyuka, amandla okusika anyuka, ubushushu bokusika bunyuka, ubomi buyehla, ubunzulu bokusika ngokugqithileyo kunokubangela ukuwa kwebala; Ubunzulu obuncinci bokusika buya kukhokelela ekukhubekeni koomatshini, banxibe kwaye bakwazi ukuwa.
(2) Nxiba ifom
Isixhobo sokusebenza Ukunxiliswa kwesixhobo sedayimani siquka amanqanaba amathathu: isigaba sokuqala sokuqala (esaziwa ngokuba sisigaba senguqu), isigaba sokunxiba esizinzileyo, kunye nesigaba sokunxiba esilandelayo. Isigaba se-PRODID sibonisa ukuba isixhobo asisebenzi kwaye sifuna ukubuyisa ukubuyisa. Iifom zezixhobo zokusika zibandakanya ukunxiba okunamathela (ukunxiba okubandayo), ukunxiba okungafaniyo, impahla yokunxiba, i-oxidation, njl.
Ukwahluka kwezixhobo zemveli, ifom yokunxiba izixhobo zePCD inxibe impahla yokunxiba, i-distisions kunye ne-polycrystalline yomonakalo. Phakathi kwazo, ukonakaliswa kwe-polycrystal sesona sizathu siphambili, esibonakala ngathi sibangelwa yimpembelelo yangaphandle okanye ilahleko, enokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ngokuchanekileyo kunye nesikroba sezinto zomsebenzi. Ubungakanani be-PCD ye-PCD, ifomu ye-blade, i-blade ye-angle, izinto zomsebenzi kunye neeparamitha ezisebenzayo ziya kuchaphazela amandla amakhulu kunye nokusika, emva koko kubekwe umonakalo wobeko lwePolycrystal. Ngobugcisa bokuziqhelanisa, ubungakanani bezinto ezifanelekileyo ze-versicles, iiparamitha zeZixhobo kunye neeParameters zeParameter kufuneka zikhethwe ngokweemeko zokulungisa.

I-4. Inxalenye yophuhliso lwezixhobo zokusika i-PCD
Okwangoku, uluhlu lwesicelo sesixhobo sePCD luye lwandiswa ukusuka kwi-versing, ukugaya, ukusika isantya esiphezulu, kwaye sasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwezithuthi zombane aluze kuphela nempembelelo kwishishini lemoto yesiko, kodwa ke nemveliso engazange ibonwe ngaphambili kwishishini lezixhobo, imbongoza ishishini lezixhobo ukukhawulezisa ulungiselelo kunye nezinto ezintsha.
Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezixhobo zokusika i-PCD kunzulu kwaye kukhuthaze uphando kunye nophuhliso lwezixhobo zokusika. Ngokukwanda kophando, imigaqo-nkqubo ye-PDC iyakhula incinci kwaye incinci, i-Grain Ection Recicition, i-Praftity ye-Promormity, iZinga lokuGcisa kunye nokuGcina iRimo iphezulu kwaye iphakame kwaye ihlukane nesahluko sahlukana. Izikhokelo zophando zezixhobo ze-PCD zibandakanya: ① ​​uphando kwaye uphuhlise ungqimba lwePCD; ② Phanda kwaye uphuhlise izixhobo zesixhobo esitsha sePCD; ③ Ukuphanda kwizixhobo ezingcono ze-PCD kwaye uqhubeke nokunciphisa iindleko; ④ Uphando luphucula ukuphucula isixhobo sePCD yenkqubo yokugaya i-blode yokuGcina; ⑤ Uphando olungaphezulu kweeparamitha ze-PCD kwaye isebenzise izixhobo ngokweemeko zasekuhlaleni; ⑥ Ukuphanda ngokukhetha ukukhetha ukusika iiparameter ngokwezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Isishwankathelo esifutshane
(1) Isixhobo sePCD esisika ukusebenza, yenza ukunqongophala kwezixhobo ezininzi ze-carbide; Kwangelo xesha, ixabiso lingaphantsi kude nesixhobo esinye sedayimani, ekusikisweni kwanamhlanje, sisixhobo esithembisayo;
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. Xa imveliso, ukuqaphela ngokuqonda ubunzima benkqubo kunye neemfuno zokulungisa, ukwenzela ukufezekisa ukusebenza kweendleko
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(5) Uphando kunye nokuphuhlisa izixhobo zesixhobo esitsha sePCD ukoyisa izikreqo zemvelo
Eli nqaku lifunyanwa kwi "Inethiwekhi yeNtengiso yeNqanaba"

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Ixesha lasemva kwexesha: Mar-25-2025